/*
    * Copyright (c) 2002-2026 Gargoyle Software Inc.
    *
    * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
    * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
    * You may obtain a copy of the License at
    * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
    *
    * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   * limitations under the License.
   */
  package org.htmlunit.util;
  
  import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.US_ASCII;
  import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
  
  import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
  import java.net.MalformedURLException;
  import java.net.URI;
  import java.net.URISyntaxException;
  import java.net.URL;
  import java.net.URLEncoder;
  import java.net.URLStreamHandler;
  import java.nio.charset.Charset;
  import java.util.BitSet;
  import java.util.Locale;
  import java.util.Objects;
  
  import org.htmlunit.WebAssert;
  import org.htmlunit.protocol.AnyHandler;
  import org.htmlunit.protocol.javascript.JavaScriptURLConnection;
  
  /**
   * URL utilities class that makes it easy to create new URLs based off of old URLs
   * without having to assemble or parse them yourself.
   *
   * @author Daniel Gredler
   * @author Martin Tamme
   * @author Sudhan Moghe
   * @author Marc Guillemot
   * @author Ahmed Ashour
   * @author Ronald Brill
   * @author Joerg Werner
   * @author Hartmut Arlt
   */
  public final class UrlUtils {
  
      /** "about". */
      public static final String ABOUT = "about";
      /** "about:". */
      public static final String ABOUT_SCHEME = ABOUT + ":";
      /** "about:blank". */
      public static final String ABOUT_BLANK = ABOUT_SCHEME + "blank";
      /** URL for "about:blank". */
      public static final URL URL_ABOUT_BLANK;
  
      private static final URLStreamHandler JS_HANDLER;
      private static final URLStreamHandler ABOUT_HANDLER;
      private static final URLStreamHandler DATA_HANDLER;
  
      private static final BitSet PATH_ALLOWED_CHARS = new BitSet(256);
      private static final BitSet QUERY_ALLOWED_CHARS = new BitSet(256);
      private static final BitSet ANCHOR_ALLOWED_CHARS = new BitSet(256);
      private static final BitSet HASH_ALLOWED_CHARS = new BitSet(256);
  
      /*
        URI allowed char initialization; based on HttpClient 3.1's URI bit sets.
       */
      static {
          // make sure the handlers are available first (before calling toUrlSafe())
          JS_HANDLER = new org.htmlunit.protocol.javascript.Handler();
          ABOUT_HANDLER = new org.htmlunit.protocol.about.Handler();
          DATA_HANDLER = new org.htmlunit.protocol.data.Handler();
  
          try {
              URL_ABOUT_BLANK = new URL(null, ABOUT_BLANK, ABOUT_HANDLER);
          }
          catch (final MalformedURLException e) {
              // should never happen
              throw new RuntimeException(e);
          }
  
          final BitSet reserved = new BitSet(256);
          reserved.set(';');
          reserved.set('/');
          reserved.set('?');
          reserved.set(':');
          reserved.set('@');
          reserved.set('&');
          reserved.set('=');
          reserved.set('+');
          reserved.set('$');
          reserved.set(',');
  
          final BitSet mark = new BitSet(256);
          mark.set('-');
         mark.set('_');
         mark.set('.');
         mark.set('!');
         mark.set('~');
         mark.set('*');
         mark.set('\'');
         mark.set('(');
         mark.set(')');
 
         final BitSet alpha = new BitSet(256);
         for (int i = 'a'; i <= 'z'; i++) {
             alpha.set(i);
         }
         for (int i = 'A'; i <= 'Z'; i++) {
             alpha.set(i);
         }
 
         final BitSet digit = new BitSet(256);
         for (int i = '0'; i <= '9'; i++) {
             digit.set(i);
         }
 
         final BitSet alphanumeric = new BitSet(256);
         alphanumeric.or(alpha);
         alphanumeric.or(digit);
 
         final BitSet unreserved = new BitSet(256);
         unreserved.or(alphanumeric);
         unreserved.or(mark);
 
         final BitSet hex = new BitSet(256);
         hex.or(digit);
         for (int i = 'a'; i <= 'f'; i++) {
             hex.set(i);
         }
         for (int i = 'A'; i <= 'F'; i++) {
             hex.set(i);
         }
 
         final BitSet escaped = new BitSet(256);
         escaped.set('%');
         escaped.or(hex);
 
         final BitSet uric = new BitSet(256);
         uric.or(reserved);
         uric.or(unreserved);
         uric.or(escaped);
 
         final BitSet pchar = new BitSet(256);
         pchar.or(unreserved);
         pchar.or(escaped);
         pchar.set(':');
         pchar.set('@');
         pchar.set('&');
         pchar.set('=');
         pchar.set('+');
         pchar.set('$');
         pchar.set(',');
 
         final BitSet segment = new BitSet(256);
         segment.or(pchar);
         segment.set(';');
         segment.or(pchar);
 
         final BitSet pathSegments = new BitSet(256);
         pathSegments.set('/');
         pathSegments.or(segment);
 
         final BitSet absPath = new BitSet(256);
         absPath.set('/');
         absPath.or(pathSegments);
 
         final BitSet allowedAbsPath = new BitSet(256);
         allowedAbsPath.or(absPath);
 
         final BitSet allowedFragment = new BitSet(256);
         allowedFragment.or(uric);
 
         final BitSet allowedQuery = new BitSet(256);
         allowedQuery.or(uric);
 
         final BitSet allowedHash = new BitSet(256);
         allowedHash.or(uric);
 
         PATH_ALLOWED_CHARS.or(allowedAbsPath);
         QUERY_ALLOWED_CHARS.or(allowedQuery);
         ANCHOR_ALLOWED_CHARS.or(allowedFragment);
         HASH_ALLOWED_CHARS.or(allowedHash);
     }
 
     /**
      * Disallow instantiation of this class.
      */
     private UrlUtils() {
         // Empty.
     }
 
     /**
      * <p>Constructs a URL instance based on the specified URL string, taking into account the fact that the
      * specified URL string may represent an <code>"about:..."</code> URL, a <code>"javascript:..."</code> URL, or
      * a <code>data:...</code> URL.</p>
      *
      * <p>The caller should be sure that URL strings passed to this method will parse correctly as URLs, as
      * this method never expects to have to handle {@link MalformedURLException}s.</p>
      *
      * @param url the URL string to convert into a URL instance
      * @return the constructed URL instance
      */
     public static URL toUrlSafe(final String url) {
         try {
             return toUrlUnsafe(url);
         }
         catch (final MalformedURLException e) {
             // Should never happen.
             throw new RuntimeException(e);
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * <p>Constructs a URL instance based on the specified URL string, taking into account the fact that the
      * specified URL string may represent an <code>"about:..."</code> URL, a <code>"javascript:..."</code> URL, or
      * a <code>data:...</code> URL.</p>
      *
      * <p>Unlike {@link #toUrlSafe(String)}, the caller need not be sure that URL strings passed to this
      * method will parse correctly as URLs.</p>
      *
      * @param url the URL string to convert into a URL instance
      * @return the constructed URL instance
      * @throws MalformedURLException if the URL string cannot be converted to a URL instance
      */
     public static URL toUrlUnsafe(final String url) throws MalformedURLException {
         WebAssert.notNull("url", url);
 
         final String protocol = StringUtils.substringBefore(url, ":").toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT);
 
         if (protocol.isEmpty() || UrlUtils.isNormalUrlProtocol(protocol)) {
             final URL response = new URL(url);
             if (response.getProtocol().startsWith("http")
                     && StringUtils.isEmptyOrNull(response.getHost())) {
                 throw new MalformedURLException("Missing host name in url: " + url);
             }
             return response;
         }
 
         if (JavaScriptURLConnection.JAVASCRIPT_PREFIX.equals(protocol + ":")) {
             return new URL(null, url, JS_HANDLER);
         }
 
         if (ABOUT.equals(protocol)) {
             if (ABOUT_BLANK.equalsIgnoreCase(url)) {
                 return URL_ABOUT_BLANK;
             }
             return new URL(null, url, ABOUT_HANDLER);
         }
 
         if ("data".equals(protocol)) {
             return new URL(null, url, DATA_HANDLER);
         }
 
         return new URL(null, url, AnyHandler.INSTANCE);
     }
 
     /**
      * <p>Encodes illegal characters in the specified URL's path, query string and anchor according to the URL
      * encoding rules observed in real browsers.</p>
      *
      * <p>For example, this method changes
      * <code>"http://first/?a=b c"</code> to <code>"http://first/?a=b%20c"</code>.</p>
      *
      * @param url the URL to encode
      * @param charset the charset
      * @return the encoded URL
      */
     public static URL encodeUrl(final URL url, final Charset charset) {
         if (!isNormalUrlProtocol(url.getProtocol())) {
             return url; // javascript:, about:, data: and anything not supported like foo:
         }
 
         try {
             String path = url.getPath();
             if (path != null) {
                 path = encode(path, PATH_ALLOWED_CHARS, UTF_8);
             }
             String query = url.getQuery();
             if (query != null) {
                 query = encode(query, QUERY_ALLOWED_CHARS, charset);
             }
             String anchor = url.getRef();
             if (anchor != null) {
                 anchor = encode(anchor, ANCHOR_ALLOWED_CHARS, UTF_8);
             }
             return createNewUrl(url.getProtocol(), url.getUserInfo(), url.getHost(),
                                 url.getPort(), path, anchor, query);
         }
         catch (final MalformedURLException e) {
             // Impossible... I think.
             throw new RuntimeException(e);
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Encodes and escapes the specified URI anchor string.
      *
      * @param anchor the anchor string to encode and escape
      * @return the encoded and escaped anchor string
      */
     public static String encodeAnchor(final String anchor) {
         if (anchor == null) {
             return null;
         }
         return encode(anchor, ANCHOR_ALLOWED_CHARS, UTF_8);
     }
 
     /**
      * Encodes and escapes the specified URI hash string.
      *
      * @param hash the anchor string to encode and escape
      * @return the encoded and escaped hash string
      */
     public static String encodeHash(final String hash) {
         if (hash == null) {
             return null;
         }
         return encode(hash, HASH_ALLOWED_CHARS, UTF_8);
     }
 
     /**
      * Encodes and escapes the specified URI hash string.
      *
      * @param query the query string to encode and escape
      * @return the encoded and escaped hash string
      */
     public static String encodeQuery(final String query) {
         if (query == null) {
             return null;
         }
         return encode(query, QUERY_ALLOWED_CHARS, UTF_8);
     }
 
     /**
      * Unescapes and decodes the specified string.
      *
      * @param escaped the string to be unescaped and decoded
      * @return the unescaped and decoded string
      */
     public static String decode(final String escaped) {
         try {
             final byte[] bytes = escaped.getBytes(US_ASCII);
             final byte[] bytes2 = decodeUrl(bytes);
             return new String(bytes2, UTF_8);
         }
         catch (final IllegalArgumentException e) {
             // Should never happen.
             throw new RuntimeException(e);
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Escapes and encodes the specified string. Based on HttpClient 3.1's <code>URIUtil.encode()</code> method.
      *
      * @param unescaped the string to encode
      * @param allowed allowed characters that shouldn't be escaped
      * @param charset the charset to use
      * @return the escaped string
      */
     private static String encode(final String unescaped, final BitSet allowed, final Charset charset) {
         final byte[] bytes = unescaped.getBytes(charset);
         final byte[] bytes2 = encodeUrl(allowed, bytes);
         return encodePercentSign(bytes2);
     }
 
     /**
      * Encodes every occurrence of the escape character '%' in the given input
      * string that is not followed by two hexadecimal characters.
      * @param input the input bytes
      * @return the given input string where every occurrence of <code>%</code> in
      *         invalid escape sequences has been replace by <code>%25</code>
      */
     private static String encodePercentSign(final byte[] input) {
         if (input == null) {
             return null;
         }
 
         final StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(new String(input, US_ASCII));
         int state = -0;
         int offset = 0;
         for (int i = 0; i < input.length; i++) {
             final byte b = input[i];
             if (state == 0 && b == '%') {
                 state = 1;
             }
             else if (state == 1 || state == 2) {
                 if (('0' <= b && b <= '9')
                         || ('A' <= b && b <= 'F')
                         || ('a' <= b && b <= 'f')) {
                     state++;
                     if (state == 3) {
                         state = 0;
                     }
                 }
                 else {
                     final int st = i - state + offset;
                     result.replace(st, st + 1, "%25");
                     offset = offset + 2;
                     state = b == '%' ? 1 : 0;
                 }
             }
         }
         if (state == 1 || state == 2) {
             final int st = input.length - state + offset;
             result.replace(st, st + 1, "%25");
         }
         return result.toString();
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates and returns a new URL using only the protocol and authority from the given one.
      * @param u the URL on which to base the returned URL
      * @return a new URL using only the protocol and authority from the given one
      * @throws MalformedURLException if there is a problem creating the new URL
      */
     public static URL getUrlWithoutPathRefQuery(final URL u) throws MalformedURLException {
         return createNewUrl(u.getProtocol(), u.getAuthority(), null, null, null);
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates and returns a new URL using only the protocol, authority and path
      * from the given one.
      * @param u the URL on which to base the returned URL
      * @return a new URL using only the protocol and authority from the given one
      * @throws MalformedURLException if there is a problem creating the new URL
      */
     public static URL getUrlWithoutRef(final URL u) throws MalformedURLException {
         return createNewUrl(u.getProtocol(), u.getAuthority(), u.getPath(), null, u.getQuery());
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates and returns a new URL identical to the specified URL, except using the specified protocol.
      * @param u the URL on which to base the returned URL
      * @param newProtocol the new protocol to use in the returned URL
      * @return a new URL identical to the specified URL, except using the specified protocol
      * @throws MalformedURLException if there is a problem creating the new URL
      */
     public static URL getUrlWithNewProtocol(final URL u, final String newProtocol) throws MalformedURLException {
         return createNewUrl(newProtocol, u.getAuthority(), u.getPath(), u.getRef(), u.getQuery());
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates and returns a new URL identical to the specified URL, except using the specified host.
      * @param u the URL on which to base the returned URL
      * @param newHost the new host to use in the returned URL
      * @return a new URL identical to the specified URL, except using the specified host
      * @throws MalformedURLException if there is a problem creating the new URL
      */
     public static URL getUrlWithNewHost(final URL u, final String newHost)
         throws MalformedURLException {
         return createNewUrl(u.getProtocol(), u.getUserInfo(), newHost,
                             u.getPort(), u.getPath(), u.getRef(), u.getQuery());
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates and returns a new URL identical to the specified URL, except using the specified host.
      * @param u the URL on which to base the returned URL
      * @param newHost the new host to use in the returned URL
      * @param newPort the new port to use in the returned URL
      * @return a new URL identical to the specified URL, except using the specified host
      * @throws MalformedURLException if there is a problem creating the new URL
      */
     public static URL getUrlWithNewHostAndPort(final URL u, final String newHost, final int newPort)
         throws MalformedURLException {
         return createNewUrl(u.getProtocol(), u.getUserInfo(), newHost, newPort, u.getPath(), u.getRef(), u.getQuery());
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates and returns a new URL identical to the specified URL, except using the specified port.
      * @param u the URL on which to base the returned URL
      * @param newPort the new port to use in the returned URL or -1 to remove it
      * @return a new URL identical to the specified URL, except using the specified port
      * @throws MalformedURLException if there is a problem creating the new URL
      */
     public static URL getUrlWithNewPort(final URL u, final int newPort) throws MalformedURLException {
         return createNewUrl(u.getProtocol(), u.getUserInfo(), u.getHost(),
                             newPort, u.getPath(), u.getRef(), u.getQuery());
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates and returns a new URL identical to the specified URL, except using the specified path.
      * @param u the URL on which to base the returned URL
      * @param newPath the new path to use in the returned URL
      * @return a new URL identical to the specified URL, except using the specified path
      * @throws MalformedURLException if there is a problem creating the new URL
      */
     public static URL getUrlWithNewPath(final URL u, final String newPath) throws MalformedURLException {
         return createNewUrl(u.getProtocol(), u.getAuthority(), newPath, u.getRef(), u.getQuery());
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates and returns a new URL identical to the specified URL, except using the specified reference.
      * @param u the URL on which to base the returned URL
      * @param newRef the new reference to use in the returned URL or null to remove it
      * @return a new URL identical to the specified URL, except using the specified reference
      * @throws MalformedURLException if there is a problem creating the new URL
      */
     public static URL getUrlWithNewRef(final URL u, final String newRef) throws MalformedURLException {
         return createNewUrl(u.getProtocol(), u.getAuthority(), u.getPath(), newRef, u.getQuery());
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates and returns a new URL identical to the specified URL, except using the specified query string.
      * @param u the URL on which to base the returned URL
      * @param newQuery the new query string to use in the returned URL
      * @return a new URL identical to the specified URL, except using the specified query string
      * @throws MalformedURLException if there is a problem creating the new URL
      */
     public static URL getUrlWithNewQuery(final URL u, final String newQuery) throws MalformedURLException {
         return createNewUrl(u.getProtocol(), u.getAuthority(), u.getPath(), u.getRef(), newQuery);
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates and returns a new URL identical to the specified URL, ignoring path, protocol and query.
      * @param u the URL on which to base the returned URL
      * @return a new URL identical to the specified URL, ignoring path, protocol and query
      * @throws MalformedURLException if there is a problem creating the new URL
      */
     public static URL getUrlWithProtocolAndAuthority(final URL u) throws MalformedURLException {
         return createNewUrl(u.getProtocol(), u.getAuthority(), null, null, null);
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates and returns a new URL identical to the specified URL but with a changed user name.
      * @param u the URL on which to base the returned URL
      * @param newUserName the new user name or null to remove it
      * @return a new URL identical to the specified URL; only user name updated
      * @throws MalformedURLException if there is a problem creating the new URL
      */
     public static URL getUrlWithNewUserName(final URL u, final String newUserName) throws MalformedURLException {
         String newUserInfo = newUserName == null ? "" : newUserName;
         final String userInfo = u.getUserInfo();
         if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(userInfo)) {
             final int colonIdx = userInfo.indexOf(':');
             if (colonIdx > -1) {
                 newUserInfo = newUserInfo + userInfo.substring(colonIdx);
             }
         }
         return createNewUrl(u.getProtocol(), newUserInfo.isEmpty() ? null : newUserInfo,
                 u.getHost(), u.getPort(), u.getPath(), u.getRef(), u.getQuery());
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates and returns a new URL identical to the specified URL but with a changed user password.
      * @param u the URL on which to base the returned URL
      * @param newUserPassword the new user password or null to remove it
      * @return a new URL identical to the specified URL; only user name updated
      * @throws MalformedURLException if there is a problem creating the new URL
      */
     public static URL getUrlWithNewUserPassword(final URL u, final String newUserPassword)
             throws MalformedURLException {
         String newUserInfo = newUserPassword == null ? "" : ':' + newUserPassword;
         final String userInfo = u.getUserInfo();
         if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(userInfo)) {
             final int colonIdx = userInfo.indexOf(':');
             if (colonIdx > -1) {
                 newUserInfo = userInfo.substring(0, colonIdx) + newUserInfo;
             }
             else {
                 newUserInfo = userInfo + newUserInfo;
             }
         }
         return createNewUrl(u.getProtocol(), newUserInfo.isEmpty() ? null : newUserInfo,
                 u.getHost(), u.getPort(), u.getPath(), u.getRef(), u.getQuery());
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates a new URL based on the specified fragments.
      * @param protocol the protocol to use (may not be {@code null})
      * @param userInfo the user info to use (may be {@code null})
      * @param host the host to use (may not be {@code null})
      * @param port the port to use (may be <code>-1</code> if no port is specified)
      * @param path the path to use (may be {@code null} and may omit the initial <code>'/'</code>)
      * @param ref the reference to use (may be {@code null} and must not include the <code>'#'</code>)
      * @param query the query to use (may be {@code null} and must not include the <code>'?'</code>)
      * @return a new URL based on the specified fragments
      * @throws MalformedURLException if there is a problem creating the new URL
      */
     private static URL createNewUrl(final String protocol, final String userInfo, final String host, final int port,
             final String path, final String ref, final String query) throws MalformedURLException {
         final StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();
         s.append(protocol).append("://");
         if (userInfo != null) {
             s.append(userInfo).append('@');
         }
         s.append(host);
         if (port != -1) {
             s.append(':').append(port);
         }
         if (path != null && !path.isEmpty()) {
             if ('/' != path.charAt(0)) {
                 s.append('/');
             }
             s.append(path);
         }
         if (query != null) {
             s.append('?').append(query);
         }
         if (ref != null) {
             if (ref.isEmpty() || ref.charAt(0) != '#') {
                 s.append('#');
             }
             s.append(ref);
         }
 
         return new URL(s.toString());
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates a new URL based on the specified fragments.
      * @param protocol the protocol to use (may not be {@code null})
      * @param authority the authority to use (may not be {@code null})
      * @param path the path to use (may be {@code null} and may omit the initial <code>'/'</code>)
      * @param ref the reference to use (may be {@code null} and must not include the <code>'#'</code>)
      * @param query the query to use (may be {@code null} and must not include the <code>'?'</code>)
      * @return a new URL based on the specified fragments
      * @throws MalformedURLException if there is a problem creating the new URL
      */
     private static URL createNewUrl(final String protocol, final String authority,
             final String path, final String ref, final String query) throws MalformedURLException {
 
         // pre-compute length of StringBuilder
         int len = protocol.length() + 1;
         if (authority != null && !authority.isEmpty()) {
             len += 2 + authority.length();
         }
         if (path != null) {
             len += path.length();
         }
         if (query != null) {
             len += 1 + query.length();
         }
         if (ref != null) {
             len += 1 + ref.length();
         }
 
         final StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder(len);
         s.append(protocol).append(':');
         if (authority != null && !authority.isEmpty()) {
             s.append("//").append(authority);
         }
         if (path != null) {
             s.append(path);
         }
         if (query != null) {
             s.append('?').append(query);
         }
         if (ref != null) {
             if (ref.isEmpty() || ref.charAt(0) != '#') {
                 s.append('#');
             }
             s.append(ref);
         }
 
         return toUrlSafe(s.toString());
     }
 
     /**
      * Resolves a given relative URL against a base URL. See
      * <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1808.html">RFC1808</a>
      * Section 4 for more details.
      *
      * @param baseUrl     The base URL in which to resolve the specification.
      * @param relativeUrl The relative URL to resolve against the base URL.
      * @return the resolved specification.
      */
     public static String resolveUrl(final String baseUrl, final String relativeUrl) {
         if (baseUrl == null) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Base URL must not be null");
         }
         if (relativeUrl == null) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Relative URL must not be null");
         }
         final Url url = resolveUrl(parseUrl(baseUrl), relativeUrl);
 
         return url.toString();
     }
 
     /**
      * Resolves a given relative URL against a base URL. See
      * <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1808.html">RFC1808</a>
      * Section 4 for more details.
      *
      * @param baseUrl     The base URL in which to resolve the specification.
      * @param relativeUrl The relative URL to resolve against the base URL.
      * @return the resolved specification.
      */
     public static String resolveUrl(final URL baseUrl, final String relativeUrl) {
         if (baseUrl == null) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Base URL must not be null");
         }
         return resolveUrl(baseUrl.toExternalForm(), relativeUrl);
     }
 
     /**
      * Parses a given specification using the algorithm depicted in
      * <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1808.html">RFC1808</a>.
      * <p>
      * Section 2.4: Parsing a URL
      * </p>
      * <p>
      *   An accepted method for parsing URLs is useful to clarify the
      *   generic-RL syntax of Section 2.2 and to describe the algorithm for
      *   resolving relative URLs presented in Section 4. This section
      *   describes the parsing rules for breaking down a URL (relative or
      *   absolute) into the component parts described in Section 2.1.  The
      *   rules assume that the URL has already been separated from any
      *   surrounding text and copied to a "parse string". The rules are
      *   listed in the order in which they would be applied by the parser.
      * </p>
      * @param spec The specification to parse.
      * @return the parsed specification.
      */
     private static Url parseUrl(String spec) {
         final Url url = new Url();
         int startIndex = 0;
         int endIndex = spec.length();
 
         // see https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-basic-url-parser
         //   * If input contains any leading or trailing C0 control or space, validation error.
         //     Remove any leading and trailing C0 control or space from input.
         //   * If input contains any ASCII tab or newline, validation error.
         //     Remove all ASCII tab or newline from input.
 
         if (endIndex > startIndex) {
             StringBuilder sb = null;
             boolean before = true;
             int trailing = 0;
 
             for (int i = 0; i < endIndex; i++) {
                 final char c = spec.charAt(i);
                 boolean remove = false;
 
                 if (c == '\t' | c == '\r' | c == '\n') {
                     remove = true;
                 }
                 else if ('\u0000' <= c && c <= '\u0020') {
                     if (before) {
                         remove = true;
                     }
                     else {
                         trailing++;
                     }
                 }
                 else {
                     before = false;
                     trailing = 0;
                 }
 
                 if (remove) {
                     if (sb == null) {
                         sb = new StringBuilder(spec.substring(0, i));
                     }
                 }
                 else if (sb != null) {
                     sb.append(c);
                 }
             }
 
             if (sb == null) {
                 if (trailing > 0) {
                     endIndex = spec.length() - trailing;
                     spec = spec.substring(0, endIndex);
                 }
             }
             else {
                 if (trailing > 0) {
                     spec = sb.substring(0, sb.length() - trailing);
                 }
                 else {
                     spec = sb.toString();
                 }
                 endIndex = spec.length();
             }
         }
 
         // Section 2.4.1: Parsing the Fragment Identifier
         //
         //   If the parse string contains a crosshatch "#" character, then the
         //   substring after the first (left-most) crosshatch "#" and up to the
         //   end of the parse string is the <fragment> identifier. If the
         //   crosshatch is the last character, or no crosshatch is present, then
         //   the fragment identifier is empty. The matched substring, including
         //   the crosshatch character, is removed from the parse string before
         //   continuing.
         //
         //   Note that the fragment identifier is not considered part of the URL.
         //   However, since it is often attached to the URL, parsers must be able
         //   to recognize and set aside fragment identifiers as part of the
         //   process.
         final int crosshatchIndex = StringUtils.indexOf(spec, '#', startIndex, endIndex);
 
         if (crosshatchIndex >= 0) {
             url.fragment_ = spec.substring(crosshatchIndex + 1, endIndex);
             endIndex = crosshatchIndex;
         }
         // Section 2.4.2: Parsing the Scheme
         //
         //   If the parse string contains a colon ":" after the first character
         //   and before any characters not allowed as part of a scheme name (i.e.,
         //   any not an alphanumeric, plus "+", period ".", or hyphen "-"), the
         //   <scheme> of the URL is the substring of characters up to but not
         //   including the first colon. These characters and the colon are then
         //   removed from the parse string before continuing.
         final int colonIndex = StringUtils.indexOf(spec, ':', startIndex, endIndex);
 
         if (colonIndex > 0) {
             final String scheme = spec.substring(startIndex, colonIndex);
             if (isValidScheme(scheme)) {
                 url.scheme_ = scheme;
                 startIndex = colonIndex + 1;
             }
         }
         // Section 2.4.3: Parsing the Network Location/Login
         //
         //   If the parse string begins with a double-slash "//", then the
         //   substring of characters after the double-slash and up to, but not
         //   including, the next slash "/" character is the network location/login
         //   (<net_loc>) of the URL. If no trailing slash "/" is present, the
         //   entire remaining parse string is assigned to <net_loc>. The double-
         //   slash and <net_loc> are removed from the parse string before
         //   continuing.
         //
         // Note: We also accept a question mark "?" or a semicolon ";" character as
         //       delimiters for the network location/login (<net_loc>) of the URL.
         final int locationStartIndex;
         int locationEndIndex;
 
         if (spec.startsWith("//", startIndex)) {
             locationStartIndex = startIndex + 2;
             locationEndIndex = StringUtils.indexOf(spec, '/', locationStartIndex, endIndex);
             if (locationEndIndex >= 0) {
                 startIndex = locationEndIndex;
             }
         }
         else {
             locationStartIndex = -1;
             locationEndIndex = -1;
         }
         // Section 2.4.4: Parsing the Query Information
         //
         //   If the parse string contains a question mark "?" character, then the
         //   substring after the first (left-most) question mark "?" and up to the
         //   end of the parse string is the <query> information. If the question
         //   mark is the last character, or no question mark is present, then the
         //   query information is empty. The matched substring, including the
         //   question mark character, is removed from the parse string before
         //   continuing.
         final int questionMarkIndex = StringUtils.indexOf(spec, '?', startIndex, endIndex);
 
         if (questionMarkIndex >= 0) {
             if ((locationStartIndex >= 0) && (locationEndIndex < 0)) {
                 // The substring of characters after the double-slash and up to, but not
                 // including, the question mark "?" character is the network location/login
                 // (<net_loc>) of the URL.
                 locationEndIndex = questionMarkIndex;
                 startIndex = questionMarkIndex;
             }
             url.query_ = spec.substring(questionMarkIndex + 1, endIndex);
             endIndex = questionMarkIndex;
         }
         // Section 2.4.5: Parsing the Parameters
         //
         //   If the parse string contains a semicolon ";" character, then the
         //   substring after the first (left-most) semicolon ";" and up to the end
         //   of the parse string is the parameters (<params>). If the semicolon
         //   is the last character, or no semicolon is present, then <params> is
         //   empty. The matched substring, including the semicolon character, is
         //   removed from the parse string before continuing.
         final int semicolonIndex = StringUtils.indexOf(spec, ';', startIndex, endIndex);
 
         if (semicolonIndex >= 0) {
             if ((locationStartIndex >= 0) && (locationEndIndex < 0)) {
                 // The substring of characters after the double-slash and up to, but not
                 // including, the semicolon ";" character is the network location/login
                 // (<net_loc>) of the URL.
                 locationEndIndex = semicolonIndex;
                 startIndex = semicolonIndex;
             }
             url.parameters_ = spec.substring(semicolonIndex + 1, endIndex);
             endIndex = semicolonIndex;
         }
         // Section 2.4.6: Parsing the Path
         //
         //   After the above steps, all that is left of the parse string is the
         //   URL <path> and the slash "/" that may precede it. Even though the
         //   initial slash is not part of the URL path, the parser must remember
         //   whether or not it was present so that later processes can
         //   differentiate between relative and absolute paths. Often this is
         //   done by simply storing the preceding slash along with the path.
         if ((locationStartIndex >= 0) && (locationEndIndex < 0)) {
             // The entire remaining parse string is assigned to the network
             // location/login (<net_loc>) of the URL.
             locationEndIndex = endIndex;
         }
         else if (startIndex < endIndex) {
             url.path_ = spec.substring(startIndex, endIndex);
         }
         // Set the network location/login (<net_loc>) of the URL.
         if ((locationStartIndex >= 0) && (locationEndIndex >= 0)) {
             url.location_ = spec.substring(locationStartIndex, locationEndIndex);
         }
         return url;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns true if specified string is a valid scheme name.
      * <p>
      * https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1738
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * Scheme names consist of a sequence of characters. The lower case
      * letters "a"--"z", digits, and the characters plus ("+"), period
      * ("."), and hyphen ("-") are allowed. For resiliency, programs
      * interpreting URLs should treat upper case letters as equivalent to
      * lower case in scheme names (e.g., allow "HTTP" as well as "http").
      * </p>
      *
      * @param scheme the scheme string to check
      * @return true if valid
      */
     public static boolean isValidScheme(final String scheme) {
         final int length = scheme.length();
         if (length < 1) {
             return false;
         }
 
         char c = scheme.charAt(0);
         boolean isValid = ('a' <= c && c <= 'z') || ('A' <= c && c <= 'Z');
         if (!isValid) {
             return false;
         }
 
         for (int i = 1; i < length; i++) {
             c = scheme.charAt(i);
             isValid =
                     ('a' <= c && c <= 'z') || ('A' <= c && c <= 'Z')
                     || ('0' <= c && c <= '9')
                     || c == '+'
                     || c == '.'
                     || c == '-';
             if (!isValid) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
 
         return true;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns true if specified string is a special scheme.
      * see <a href='https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#special-scheme'>
      * https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#special-scheme</a>
      *
      * @param scheme the scheme string to check
      * @return true if special
      */
     public static boolean isSpecialScheme(final String scheme) {
         final int length = scheme.length();
         if (length < 2 || length > 5) {
             return false;
         }
 
         final String schemeLC = scheme.toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT);
         return "ftp".equals(schemeLC)
                 || "file".equals(schemeLC)
                 || "http".equals(schemeLC)
                 || "https".equals(schemeLC)
                 || "ws".equals(schemeLC)
                 || "wss".equals(schemeLC);
     }
 
     /**
      * Resolves a given relative URL against a base URL using the algorithm
      * depicted in <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1808.html">RFC1808</a>.
      * <p>
      * Section 4: Resolving Relative URLs
      * </p>
      * <p>
      *   This section describes an example algorithm for resolving URLs within
      *   a context in which the URLs may be relative, such that the result is
      *   always a URL in absolute form. Although this algorithm cannot
      *   guarantee that the resulting URL will equal that intended by the
      *   original author, it does guarantee that any valid URL (relative or
      *   absolute) can be consistently transformed to an absolute form given a
      *   valid base URL.
      * </p>
      *
      * @param baseUrl     The base URL in which to resolve the specification.
      * @param relativeUrl The relative URL to resolve against the base URL.
      * @return the resolved specification.
      */
     private static Url resolveUrl(final Url baseUrl, final String relativeUrl) {
         final Url url = parseUrl(relativeUrl);
         // Step 1: The base URL is established according to the rules of
         //         Section 3.  If the base URL is the empty string (unknown),
         //         the embedded URL is interpreted as an absolute URL and
         //         we are done.
         if (baseUrl == null) {
             return url;
         }
         // Step 2: Both the base and embedded URLs are parsed into their
         //         component parts as described in Section 2.4.
         //      a) If the embedded URL is entirely empty, it inherits the
         //         entire base URL (i.e., is set equal to the base URL)
         //         and we are done.
         if (relativeUrl.isEmpty()) {
             return new Url(baseUrl);
         }
         //      b) If the embedded URL starts with a scheme name, it is
         //         interpreted as an absolute URL and we are done.
         if (url.scheme_ != null) {
             return url;
         }
         //      c) Otherwise, the embedded URL inherits the scheme of
         //         the base URL.
         url.scheme_ = baseUrl.scheme_;
         // Step 3: If the embedded URL's <net_loc> is non-empty, we skip to
         //         Step 7.  Otherwise, the embedded URL inherits the <net_loc>
         //         (if any) of the base URL.
         if (url.location_ != null) {
             return url;
         }
         url.location_ = baseUrl.location_;
         // Step 4: If the embedded URL path is preceded by a slash "/", the
         //         path is not relative and we skip to Step 7.
         if (url.path_ != null && !url.path_.isEmpty() && url.path_.charAt(0) == '/') {
             url.path_ = removeLeadingSlashPoints(url.path_);
             return url;
         }
         // Step 5: If the embedded URL path is empty (and not preceded by a
         //         slash), then the embedded URL inherits the base URL path,
         //         and
         if (url.path_ == null) {
             url.path_ = baseUrl.path_;
             //  a) if the embedded URL's <params> is non-empty, we skip to
             //     step 7; otherwise, it inherits the <params> of the base
             //     URL (if any) and
             if (url.parameters_ != null) {
                 return url;
             }
             url.parameters_ = baseUrl.parameters_;
             //  b) if the embedded URL's <query> is non-empty, we skip to
             //     step 7; otherwise, it inherits the <query> of the base
             //     URL (if any) and we skip to step 7.
             if (url.query_ != null) {
                 return url;
             }
             url.query_ = baseUrl.query_;
             return url;
         }
         // Step 6: The last segment of the base URL's path (anything
         //         following the rightmost slash "/", or the entire path if no
         //         slash is present) is removed and the embedded URL's path is
         //         appended in its place.  The following operations are
         //         then applied, in order, to the new path:
         final String basePath = baseUrl.path_;
         String path = "";
 
         if (basePath == null) {
             path = "/";
         }
         else {
             final int lastSlashIndex = basePath.lastIndexOf('/');
 
             if (lastSlashIndex >= 0) {
                 path = basePath.substring(0, lastSlashIndex + 1);
             }
         }
 
         path = path.concat(url.path_);
         //      a) All occurrences of "./", where "." is a complete path
         //         segment, are removed.
         int pathSegmentIndex;
 
         while ((pathSegmentIndex = path.indexOf("/./")) >= 0) {
             path = path.substring(0, pathSegmentIndex + 1).concat(path.substring(pathSegmentIndex + 3));
         }
         //      b) If the path ends with "." as a complete path segment,
         //         that "." is removed.
         if (path.endsWith("/.")) {
             path = path.substring(0, path.length() - 1);
         }
         //      c) All occurrences of "<segment>/../", where <segment> is a
         //         complete path segment not equal to "..", are removed.
         //         Removal of these path segments is performed iteratively,
         //         removing the leftmost matching pattern on each iteration,
         //         until no matching pattern remains.
         while ((pathSegmentIndex = path.indexOf("/../")) > 0) {
             final String pathSegment = path.substring(0, pathSegmentIndex);
             final int slashIndex = pathSegment.lastIndexOf('/');
 
             if (slashIndex >= 0) {
                 if (!"..".equals(pathSegment.substring(slashIndex))) {
                     path = path.substring(0, slashIndex + 1).concat(path.substring(pathSegmentIndex + 4));
                 }
             }
             else {
                 path = path.substring(pathSegmentIndex + 4);
             }
         }
         //      d) If the path ends with "<segment>/..", where <segment> is a
         //         complete path segment not equal to "..", that
         //         "<segment>/.." is removed.
         if (path.endsWith("/..")) {
             final String pathSegment = path.substring(0, path.length() - 3);
             final int slashIndex = pathSegment.lastIndexOf('/');
 
             if (slashIndex >= 0) {
                 path = path.substring(0, slashIndex + 1);
             }
         }
 
         path = removeLeadingSlashPoints(path);
 
         url.path_ = path;
         // Step 7: The resulting URL components, including any inherited from
         //         the base URL, are recombined to give the absolute form of
         //         the embedded URL.
         return url;
     }
 
     /**
      * "../" after the leading "/" should be removed as browsers do (not in RFC).
      */
     private static String removeLeadingSlashPoints(final String path) {
         int i = 1;
         while (path.startsWith("../", i)) {
             i = i + 3;
         }
 
         if (i > 1) {
             return "/" + path.substring(i);
         }
 
         return path;
     }
 
     /**
      * Class <code>Url</code> represents a Uniform Resource Locator.
      */
     private static class Url {
 
         private String scheme_;
         private String location_;
         private String path_;
         private String parameters_;
         private String query_;
         private String fragment_;
 
         /**
          * Creates a <code>Url</code> object.
          */
         Url() {
             super();
         }
 
         /**
          * Creates a <code>Url</code> object from the specified
          * <code>Url</code> object.
          *
          * @param url a <code>Url</code> object.
          */
         Url(final Url url) {
             scheme_ = url.scheme_;
             location_ = url.location_;
             path_ = url.path_;
             parameters_ = url.parameters_;
             query_ = url.query_;
             fragment_ = url.fragment_;
         }
 
         /**
          * Returns a string representation of the <code>Url</code> object.
          *
          * @return a string representation of the <code>Url</code> object.
          */
         @Override
         public String toString() {
             final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
 
             if (scheme_ != null) {
                 sb.append(scheme_).append(':');
             }
             if (location_ != null) {
                 sb.append("//").append(location_);
             }
             if (path_ != null) {
                 sb.append(path_);
             }
             if (parameters_ != null) {
                 sb.append(';').append(parameters_);
             }
             if (query_ != null) {
                 sb.append('?').append(query_);
             }
             if (fragment_ != null) {
                 sb.append('#').append(fragment_);
             }
             return sb.toString();
         }
     }
 
     static boolean isNormalUrlProtocol(final String protocol) {
         return "http".equals(protocol) || "https".equals(protocol) || "file".equals(protocol);
     }
 
     /**
      * More or less the same as sameFile(URL, URL) but without
      * resolving the host to an IP address for comparing.
      * Additionally we do some path normalization.
      *
      * @param u1 a URL object
      * @param u2 a URL object
      * @return true if u1 and u2 refer to the same file
      */
     public static boolean sameFile(final URL u1, final URL u2) {
         if (u1 == u2) {
             return true;
         }
         if (u1 == null || u2 == null) {
             return false;
         }
 
         // Compare the protocols.
         final String p1 = u1.getProtocol();
         final String p2 = u2.getProtocol();
         if (!(p1 == p2 || (p1 != null && p1.equalsIgnoreCase(p2)))) {
             return false;
         }
 
         // Compare the ports.
         final int port1 = (u1.getPort() == -1) ? u1.getDefaultPort() : u1.getPort();
         final int port2 = (u2.getPort() == -1) ? u2.getDefaultPort() : u2.getPort();
         if (port1 != port2) {
             return false;
         }
 
         // Compare the hosts.
         final String h1 = u1.getHost();
         final String h2 = u2.getHost();
         if (!(h1 == h2 || (h1 != null && h1.equalsIgnoreCase(h2)))) {
             return false;
         }
 
         // Compare the files.
         String f1 = u1.getFile();
         if (f1.isEmpty()) {
             f1 = "/";
         }
         String f2 = u2.getFile();
         if (f2.isEmpty()) {
             f2 = "/";
         }
         if (f1.indexOf('.') > 0 || f2.indexOf('.') > 0) {
             try {
                 f1 = u1.toURI().normalize().toURL().getFile();
                 f2 = u2.toURI().normalize().toURL().getFile();
             }
             catch (final RuntimeException e) {
                 throw e;
             }
             catch (final Exception ignored) {
                 // ignore
             }
         }
 
         return Objects.equals(f1, f2);
     }
 
     /**
      * Helper that constructs a normalized url string
      * usable as cache key.
      *
      * @param url a URL object
      * @return the normalized string
      */
     public static String normalize(final URL url) {
         final StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
         result.append(url.getProtocol())
                 .append("://")
                 .append(url.getHost())
                 .append(':')
                 .append((url.getPort() == -1) ? url.getDefaultPort() : url.getPort());
 
         // Compare the files.
         String f = url.getFile();
         if (f.isEmpty()) {
             result.append('/');
         }
         else {
             if (f.indexOf('.') > 0) {
                 try {
                     f = url.toURI().normalize().toURL().getFile();
                 }
                 catch (final Exception ignored) {
                     // ignore
                 }
             }
             result.append(f);
         }
 
         return result.toString();
     }
 
     /**
      * Constructs a {@link URI} using the specified URL.
      *
      * @param url the URL
      * @param query the query
      *
      * @throws URISyntaxException
      *         If both a scheme and a path are given but the path is
      *         relative, if the URI string constructed from the given
      *         components violates RFC&nbsp;2396, or if the authority
      *         component of the string is present but cannot be parsed
      *         as a server-based authority
      * @return the URI
      */
     public static URI toURI(final URL url, final String query) throws URISyntaxException {
         final String scheme = url.getProtocol();
         final String host = url.getHost();
         final int port = url.getPort();
         final String path = url.getPath();
         final StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder();
         if (host != null) {
             if (scheme != null) {
                 buffer.append(scheme).append("://");
             }
             buffer.append(host);
             if (port > 0) {
                 buffer.append(':').append(port);
             }
         }
         if (path == null || path.isEmpty() || path.charAt(0) != '/') {
             buffer.append('/');
         }
         if (path != null) {
             buffer.append(path);
         }
         if (query != null) {
             buffer.append('?').append(query);
         }
         return new URI(buffer.toString());
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns the encoded string.
      *
      * @param part the part to encode
      * @return the encoded string
      */
     public static String encodeQueryPart(final String part) {
         if (part == null || part.isEmpty()) {
             return "";
         }
 
         return URLEncoder.encode(part, UTF_8);
     }
 
     /**
      * Removes the well known ports if it can be deduced from protocol.
      * @param url the url to clean up
      * @return a new URL without the port or the given one
      * @throws MalformedURLException if the URL string cannot be converted to a URL instance
      */
     public static URL removeRedundantPort(final URL url) throws MalformedURLException {
         if (("https".equals(url.getProtocol()) && url.getPort() == 443)
                 || ("http".equals(url.getProtocol()) && url.getPort() == 80)) {
             return getUrlWithNewPort(url, -1);
         }
         return url;
     }
 
     /**
      * Decodes an array of URL safe 7-bit characters into an array of original bytes.
      * Escaped characters are converted back to their original representation.
      * @param bytes array of URL safe characters
      * @param removeWhitespace if true don't add whitespace chars to the output
      * @return array of original bytes
      * @throws IllegalArgumentException in case of error
      */
     public static byte[] decodeDataUrl(final byte[] bytes, final boolean removeWhitespace)
                             throws IllegalArgumentException  {
         // adapted from apache commons codec
         if (bytes == null) {
             return null;
         }
         final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
         for (int i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {
             int b = bytes[i];
             if (b == '%') {
                 try {
                     final int u = digit16(bytes[++i]);
                     final int l = digit16(bytes[++i]);
                     b = (u << 4) + l;
                 }
                 catch (final ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
                     throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid URL encoding: ", e);
                 }
             }
             if (removeWhitespace
                     && (b == 9 || b == 10 || b == 12 || b == 13 || b == 32)) {
                 continue;
             }
 
             buffer.write(b);
         }
         return buffer.toByteArray();
     }
 
     /**
      * Decodes an array of URL safe 7-bit characters into an array of original bytes.
      * Escaped characters are converted back to their original representation.
      * @param bytes array of URL safe characters
      * @return array of original bytes
      * @throws IllegalArgumentException in case of error
      */
     public static byte[] decodeUrl(final byte[] bytes) throws IllegalArgumentException {
         // adapted from apache commons codec
         if (bytes == null) {
             return null;
         }
         final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
         for (int i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {
             final int b = bytes[i];
             if (b == '+') {
                 buffer.write(' ');
             }
             else if (b == '%') {
                 try {
                     final int u = digit16(bytes[++i]);
                     final int l = digit16(bytes[++i]);
                     buffer.write((char) ((u << 4) + l));
                 }
                 catch (final ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
                     throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid URL encoding: ", e);
                 }
             }
             else {
                 buffer.write(b);
             }
         }
         return buffer.toByteArray();
     }
 
     private static int digit16(final byte b) throws IllegalArgumentException  {
         final int i = Character.digit((char) b, 16);
         if (i == -1) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid URL encoding: not a valid digit (radix 16): " + b);
         }
         return i;
     }
 
     /**
      * Encodes an array of bytes into an array of URL safe 7-bit characters. Unsafe characters are escaped.
      * @param urlsafe bitset of characters deemed URL safe
      * @param bytes  array of bytes to convert to URL safe characters
      * @return array of bytes containing URL safe characters
      */
     public static byte[] encodeUrl(final BitSet urlsafe, final byte[] bytes) {
         // adapted from apache commons codec
         if (bytes == null) {
             return null;
         }
 
         final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
         for (final byte c : bytes) {
             int b = c;
             if (b < 0) {
                 b = 256 + b;
             }
             if (urlsafe.get(b)) {
                 if (b == ' ') {
                     b = '+';
                 }
                 buffer.write(b);
             }
             else {
                 buffer.write('%');
                 final char hex1 = hexDigit(b >> 4);
                 final char hex2 = hexDigit(b);
                 buffer.write(hex1);
                 buffer.write(hex2);
             }
         }
         return buffer.toByteArray();
     }
 
     private static char hexDigit(final int b) {
         return Character.toUpperCase(Character.forDigit(b & 0xF, 16));
     }
 
     /**
      * Determines whether two URLs share the same origin according to the Same-Origin Policy.
      * Two URLs are considered to have the same origin if they have the same protocol (scheme),
      * host, and port.
      *
      * <p>The method handles default ports correctly by using the URL's default port when
      * the explicit port is -1 (indicating no port was specified).
      * </p>
      *
      * @param originUrl the first URL to compare (must not be null)
      * @param newUrl the second URL to compare (must not be null)
      * @return {@code true} if both URLs have the same host and effective port; {@code false} otherwise
      */
     public static boolean isSameOrigin(final URL originUrl, final URL newUrl) {
         if (!originUrl.getProtocol().equals(newUrl.getProtocol())) {
             return false;
         }
 
         if (!originUrl.getHost().equalsIgnoreCase(newUrl.getHost())) {
             return false;
         }
 
         int originPort = originUrl.getPort();
         if (originPort == -1) {
             originPort = originUrl.getDefaultPort();
         }
         int newPort = newUrl.getPort();
         if (newPort == -1) {
             newPort = newUrl.getDefaultPort();
         }
         return originPort == newPort;
     }
 }